Annual Holocaust Remembrance Day Lecture Kaplan-Brauer Lecture in Jewish Studies with Dr. Laura Jockusch, Brandeis University. “If you survive, you must take revenge”: Jewish vengeance during and after the Holocaust Revenge was ubiquitous among European Jews during the Holocaust. It included direct acts—i.e. violence against Nazi perpetrators and their collaborators—and indirect, symbolic acts, such as ideas and fantasies expressed in diaries, letters, last wills, wall inscriptions, songs, and poems. This engagement with direct and indirect revenge even continued into the…